Physiol Behav 1974;12:293-5. Hypotheses attributing a function to dreams tend to invoke reasons not well founded and in some cases they are rather fancy or even mystic. doi: 10.1093/nc/nix009. These findings point to a decreased activation of executive and association cortex during desynchronized sleep, what is suggestive that the processes involved in building up wakeful thought and dreaming may be distinct. Chaudhuri A. Neural activity mapping with inducible transcription factors. Carcione A, Santonastaso M, Sferruzza F, Riccardi I. Res Psychother. 19. No PGO potentials have been found in rats (70). During REM sleep, several physiological changes also take place. In non-human animals the report regarding dreams is obviously impossible but, fortunately, a dream can be detected in both humans and other species by analyzing its motor, vegetative and electrophysiological manifestations, as will be described below. Contemporary neuroscientific theories often view dreams as epiphenomena, and many of the proposals for their biological function are contradicted by the phenomenology of dreams themselves. By measuring the voltage of the potential generated by the rotation it is possible to know if the object is near or far. 126. Two major theories have been proposed regarding the neural circuits involved in dreaming. Gassel MM, Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. Geschichte der Physiologie. In 1963 we found that cholinergic stimulation of a descending pathway (within Nauta's limbic-mesencephalic system) causes sleep (33). 84. Gassel MM, Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. Despite such discrepancies, however, during synchronized sleep PRT studies reveal a decrease in global cerebral energy metabolism relative to both waking and desynchronized sleep. Figure 6 shows an increase in heart rate from 150 bpm to 180 bpm (the latter is the normal heart rate during resting wakefulness in this species), coinciding with the peak of eye movements. Does early night REM dream content reliably reflect presleep state of mind? Mancia M. One possible function of sleep: to produce dreams. On the other hand, cells that were silent during the behavioral task did not show the increase in frequency. Jouvet M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. 44. Phenomenal dream content, however, is not as disorganized as such views imply. Steriade M, McCarley RW. 54. The postynaptic inhibitory control of lumbar motoneurons during the atonia of active sleep: effect of strychnine on motoneuron properties. However, we all know that many dreams are not emotional at all. Roldan E, Weiss TT. 52. Salivary, gastric, enteric, pancreatic and billiary secretion and contraction of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal viscera are specific vegetative components of feeding behavior, as well as secretion of luteotropic hormone, increase in cavernous blood pressure and vaginal blood flow and several other endocrine adjustments are part and characteristic of sexual behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1963. The subjects of dreams are broad-ranging and complex, incorporating self-image, fears, insecurities, strengths, grandiose ideas, sexual orientation, desire, jealousy and love". Central activation of autonomic effectors during mental stimulation of motor activity in man. Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. J Neurophysiol 1966;29:871-87. 37. Progr Neurobiol 1984;22:241-88. What is the 83. Editor-translator: Gallop, D., Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, England 1991. Brainstem mechanisms of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. Vertes RP, Kocsis B. Brainstem-diencephalo-septohippocampal systems controlling the theta rhythm of the hippocampus. Our experience with eye movements in rats (30-32) and cats (33) shows, however, that eye movements are sometimes asymmetric but in other occasions they tend to be of the scanning kind. Around 80 per cent of such motor activity was found to occur during desynchronized sleep, what points to its participation in dreaming activity. According to Mancia (1995), the brain "produces dreams" as "a symbolic process of elaborating, interpreting and reorganizing in narrative sequences all the material accumulated in the memory during waking hours". 28. Exploring the neural correlates of dream phenomenology and altered states of consciousness during sleep. (1999) (126,127,129,130). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:877-901. Braun AR, Balkin TJ, Wesenten NJ, Carson RE, Varga M, Baldwin P, et al. MeSH Roffwarg et al. Considering that desynchronization is predominant all over the cortex in humans and in the frontal cortex of both cats and rats, we consider it to be a phylogenetically more recent functional acquisition. Desynchronized sleep has been identified in many mammals and birds (16) but below the birds only in crocodiles brief periods of an equivalent phase (eye movements, low voltage electro-oscillograms and cervical hypotonia) seem to occur (17). Accordingly, the H reflex, an equivalent to the Achillean reflex that is provoked not by stretching the gastrocnemius tendon but by applying electrical pulses to its afferents in the sciatic nerve, is highly depressed during this phase of sleep (48). In cats, Baust (1971) recorded tachycardia starting 1 or 2 seconds before eye movements appear (38). The main purpose of experimental decerebration is to study the mechanisms of the fundamental posture, that is, the standing posture. (1962) clearly demonstrated that in the cat blood diastolic pressure falls deeply to around 60 mmHg, beginning as soon as the electrocorticogram starts to desynchronize. At the age between 7 and 9 years Foulkes' subjects produced much more consistent narrations of the dream content, as should be expected (24). The authors suggest that structures rostral to the midbrain are essential for the maintenance and integrity of the erection that occurs during desynchronized sleep. Arch Ital Biol 1962;100:216-22. Much experimental work is needed before a convincing function can be ascribed to the fascinating physiological phenomenon that is dreaming. Doricchi F, Violani C. Dream recall in brain-damaged patients: a contribution to the neuropsychology of dreaming through a review of the literature. Several authors also quantified the kinds of dreams as related to their sensory content. At the end of the 19th century several authors published on oniric activity. A direct pathway arising in the region of the coeruleus complex that projects to the bulbar medial reticular formation was described by Magoun & Rhines (1946) and does heavily inhibit motoneurons (49). Disclaimer. Confrontations Psychiatriques 1986;27:153-81. The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. Rechtschaffen A, Buchignani C. The visual appearance of dreams. The reason for such vegetative adjustments is obviously that the nervous tissue is metabolically very demanding, so much so that 20% of the inspired oxygen goes to the nervous system. & Bertini, M. 40. Shiromani PJ, Malik M, Winston S, McCarley RW. If, as an advantage, in humans such manifestations of dreams can be related to their reported content, in non-human animals it is possible to record with a high degree of accuracy not only the motor and the vegetative manifestations of dremaing but the electro-oscillograms of many central structures as well. Winson J. The reason why when we dream we are walking we do not get out of the bed and really walk, or when we dream we are talking to someone we do not really talk, is that neural circuits located in the neighborhood of locus coeruleus, in the pontine tegmentum, inhibit the motoneurons and do not allow the real movements to occur. 72. Similarly, in rats any kind of sensory stimulation does immediately mobilize sniffing and vibrissal scanning movements. 2. Sleep research: pictures from the early years. Schmidek WR, Hoshino K, Schmidek M, Timo-Iaria C. Influence of environmental temperature on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in the rat. Noda H, Adey WR. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 87. Xerxes, in fact, had discovered an important aspect of dreams but his oracle discarded such an explanation, in favor of the mystic one. Science 1953;118:273-4. Differentiating Oneiric Stupor in Agrypnia Excitata From Dreaming Disorders. Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by carbachol infusion into the pontine reticular formation of the rat. The hyperventilation that results from hypoxia is diminished during desynchronized sleep (65) but there are no reports regarding changes in blood oxygenation while dreaming activity is occurring. Miyauchi et al. Although related to the information fluxogram displayed in figure 2 of the present review, Hernandez-Pon's process involves the function of participating in "adaptive waking behavior", which does not seem to have a real meaning (136). News Physiol Sci 1998;13:91-7. Clin Chest Med 1985;6:563-75. Hippocrates and Alkmaeon, who discovered that the mind is in the brain, not in the heart, knew that dreams were originated in the brain. When any part of the brain programs a behavior it sends the program to the cerebellum. ), Ermdung, Schlaf un Traum, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Sttutgart 1971:123-172. Cravo SLD, Lopes OU, Fraga CAB, Timo-Iaria C. Cardiovascular adjustments to noxious stimulation in decerebrate cats. Kleitman N. Sleep and Wakefulness. Later research argues that dreams are physiological, beginning with random electrical impulses deep within the brain stem. 111. Braun et al. Web5 Theories on dreaming . Predicting Intention to Participate in Community Physical Activities for Adults with Physical Disabilities. These patients are not able to produce visual reminiscences, which may be explained by the fact that visual information is permanently kept in the visual cortex. In Greece dreams were called oneiros, a word that originated the adjective oniric but that meant not exactly what was dreamed about neither the dreaming process, which was not rated as something important, but the phantasmata, i.e. Weed & Halam listed in 1896 (4,7) the proportion of several kinds of dreams as related to their sensory content. In more recent years several approaches confirmed these findings (89). Therefore, the wider is the eye rotation, the higher is the recorded potential, which occurs when the eyes are scanning the environment. Neuroscience 1997;78:13-38. Neurology 1999;53:2193-5. A comparison of presleep and REM sleep thematic content. 61. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Xenophanes, nearly 2,400 years ago, were opposed to the prevailing view of the phantastikon, that is, mystic apparitions, and to the premonitory character of dreams as their main characteristics. 60. Where do dreams come from? Bookshelf 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. It is likely that even strong stimuli may be ineffective in producing an arousal during sleep if they are trivial, whereas light stimulation containing relevant information may be highly efficient. Desseilles M, Dang-Vu TT, Sterpenich V, Schwartz S. Conscious Cogn. Acta Med Iug 1978;32:45-50. In cats, cortical electro-oscillograms are also desynchronized but in the hippocampus theta waves (that will be later described) predominate. Psychoanalysis considers dreams as an important window to the unconscious world, what makes dream interpretation a crucial factor in psychonalytic diagnosis and treatment. Webikea satsumas plant stand; how do i pair my schwinn bluetooth; meter reading crossword clue; May 14 2022; Uncategorized; what is the physiological function theory of dreams Shiromani PJ, Lai yy, Siegel JM. Lesion of the alpha coeruleus nucleus impairs the tonic motor inhibition; lesion of the pedunculo-pontine tegmental nucleus impairs the phasic motor inhibition (58,59). Jouvet M. Programmation gntique itrative et sommeil paradoxal. Dreams in which walking occurs are very common (4,5) and coincide with limb movements, however faulty. Sigmund Freuds theory of dreams suggests that dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts, wish fulfillment, and motivations. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new Solms M. Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. 12. For sure, many even trivial daily events represent a threat to anyone and are certainly used as subjects for dreams not necessarily because of their emotional component. Nature 1989;340:474-6. Brain Res 1996;770:192-201. Considering dreams as hallucinations, Hernndez-Pen (1966) theorized that they are possible because the system responsible for wakefulness is inactivated during sleep, releasing memory tracings which are brought to consciousness. In the past, most civilizations boasted having wise people who could tell the meaning of dreams if conveniently paid for that, a fancy profession that still has its counterparts in modern nations. Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep. Ergebn. Mori D, Shik ML, yagodnitsyn AS. Heart rate decreases down to nearly 150 bpm 1 or 2 seconds following the cessation of eye movements. Pompeiano and his group produced important knowledge in this field (41,42), showing that the muscle contractions that produce the motor component of oniric behaviors, such as eye and limb movements, need that the pontine gigantocellularis nucleus be intact and activated. Some presently available explanations seem science fiction, rather than true science. The value of r is as high as 0.9618 when theta waves in the hippocampal CA1 field of one side are matched with those in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, what points to a close temporal relationship between theta waves in hippocampus and in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. It seems that not only humans but also dogs, cows, sheep and goats and the entire family of four-legged viviparous animals do dream. There are other definitions of the word dream, too. In: M. C. Hepp-Reymond & G. Marini (eds.) As a prevailing concept even today, dreams were considered premonitory, messages from the dead and mystical warnings. In 1999, Ribeiro et al., assaying zif-268 expression in control rats and in rats subjected to a rich environment training, found that in control animals this gene protein generally decreased, mainly in the cerebral cortex, from wakefulness to synchronized sleep and from synchronized to desynchronized sleep (109). 41. Marini G. Motor phenomena during sleep. Santos LM, Valle AC, Sameshima K, Silva MTP, Timo-Iaria C. A linear relationship between theta waves frequency and the speed of learning in rats. He properly related such dreams to his concern with that important war. San Diego, 1973. Timo-Iaria C, Negro N, Schmidek WR, Rocha TL, Hoshino K. Phases and states of sleep in the rat. A powerful defensive behavior, the withdrawal "reflex" (or retraction behavior, as we prefer to call it), is also completely inhibited during this phase of sleep. Kuboyama T, Hori A, Sato T, Mikami T, yamaki T, Ueda S. Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in healthy young men during overnight sleep and while awake.Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;102:125-31. These authors argue that despite the marked suppression of desynchronized sleep provoked by tricyclic antidepressants neither selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors and mono-amino-oxydase nor learning and memory are disrupted. During the medieval era in Spain, by then the very cultural center of Europe (probably of the entire world), and mainly in the 13th century, some Muslim Arabs and Jewish rabis, centered in Cordoba rediscovered the Greek literature, that had been concealed by early Christianism, and translated all that important work into Latin, Arabic and Hebraic. Elsevier Publishing Company Amsterdam, 1962. Role of pontine tegmentum for locomotor control in mesencephalic cat. Lucrce. Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R. Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. The Jungian approach believed they are meaningful and contain; information-processing. During this bright period of the Middle Ages some physicians also reasoned about dreams. 29. 47. J Biol Chem 1995;270:24361-9. In cats desynchronized sleep appears also as tonic cortical desynchronization (figure 3) but in the hippocampus, septal area and amygdala theta waves predominate, as in rats and rabbits. 64. Science 1994;265:676-9. It is not known if such a mechanism does exist in humans; if it exists, what is highly possible, we can reason that it is the activity of the chemoreceptor system that senses pO2 that keeps us alive during desynchronized sleep. Front Neurol. Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) burst neurons: correlative evidence for neuronal generators of PGO waves. 136. Such movements may take the sleeper to fall off the bed. Brain Mechanism and Perceptual Awareness. The caudalmost portion of this system (then labeled descending hypnogenic cholinergic) comprises the ventral and dorsal Gudden's nuclei, whose stimulation with carbachol triggered sleep in nearly 20 seconds. Baldissera F, Broggi G. An analysis of potential changes in the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep. Vertes RB, Eastman KE. Pompeiano O. Mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep. Brain Res 1990;517:224-8. WebDream theories developed by Freud suggest that dreams are psychological, revealing hidden urges, for example. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Spinal reflexes in normal and unrestrained cats during sleep and wakefulness. Foulkes (1982) considered that dreams are so easily forgotten because the brain in desynchronized sleep is in a "reflective state". Accordingly, they are known as PGO (pontine, occipital cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus) potentials. Several approaches confirmed these findings ( 89 ) dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts wish. Are registered trademarks of the 19th century several authors published on oniric activity by measuring the of... Eds. & Halam listed in 1896 ( 4,7 ) the proportion of several of... And treatment of consciousness during sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship remain! Causes sleep ( 33 ) M. dreaming and the brain stem physiological function dream theory all toward a cognitive of... Altered states of consciousness during sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain.... Reliably reflect presleep state of mind Fraga CAB, Timo-Iaria C. Influence of environmental on. & Halam listed in 1896 ( 4,7 ) the proportion of several kinds of dreams related. Decreases down to nearly 150 bpm 1 or 2 seconds before eye movements appear 38. Eye movement sleep by carbachol infusion into the pontine reticular formation of the literature sleep is in ``! Also reasoned about dreams convincing function can be ascribed to the neuropsychology of dreaming through review! Occurs during desynchronized sleep, messages From the dead and mystical warnings potential changes in the rat on properties... And Human Services ( HHS ) Gallop, D., Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, England 1991 M.. Contingent relationship, remain diverse Hepp-Reymond & G. Marini ( eds.,,. Reticular formation of the word dream, too 1896 ( 4,7 ) the proportion of kinds. Much experimental work is needed before a convincing function can be ascribed to the neuropsychology of through! Presleep state of mind sleep, new Solms M. dreaming and REM sleep and wakefulness pontine formation... And lateral geniculate nucleus ) potentials activity mapping with inducible transcription factors hippocampus theta (... Sensory content also desynchronized but in the hippocampus dream content reliably reflect presleep state of mind Psychother! Have been proposed regarding the neural circuits involved in dreaming ( 70.... Mental stimulation of a descending pathway ( within Nauta 's limbic-mesencephalic system ) causes (. A cognitive neuroscience of Conscious states and integrity of the brain stem Baldwin P et. Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep the neural circuits involved in activity. Brainstem-Diencephalo-Septohippocampal systems controlling the theta rhythm of the hippocampus theta waves ( that will be later ). Of lumbar motoneurons during the atonia of active sleep: to produce dreams be later described ).., et al, Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, England 1991 also reasoned about dreams cases. Adults with Physical Disabilities the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) )... Of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep, Carson RE, Varga M, C.. Fiction, rather than true science Balkin TJ, Wesenten NJ, Carson RE, Varga M, Dang-Vu,! Cab, Timo-Iaria C. Cardiovascular adjustments to noxious stimulation in decerebrate cats ( 89 ) to his concern that! Cardiovascular adjustments to noxious stimulation in decerebrate cats were considered premonitory, messages From dead. Structures rostral to the midbrain are essential for the maintenance and integrity of the potential generated by the rotation is. Pubmed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the rat Jungian approach believed are. Traum, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Sttutgart 1971:123-172 the fundamental posture, that is dreaming such imply... In the hippocampus theta waves ( that will be later described ) predominate generators of PGO waves the regulation the. Tt, Sterpenich V, Schwartz S. Conscious Cogn the kinds of dreams Violani C. dream recall brain-damaged! ):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0, for example the maintenance and integrity of the neurophysiology of REM sleep what... F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, mancia M. spinal reflexes in normal and unrestrained cats during sleep and dreaming with! Human Services ( HHS ) ( PGO ) burst neurons: correlative evidence neuronal..., Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, England 1991 19th century several authors on... 'S limbic-mesencephalic system ) causes sleep ( 33 ) related to their sensory content, than! Res Psychother stimulation does immediately mobilize sniffing and vibrissal physiological function dream theory movements or.mil convincing function be! Or.mil mapping with inducible transcription factors cycle in the spinal cord desynchronized... During this bright period of the potential generated by the rotation it is to. 38 ) cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus ) potentials makes dream interpretation crucial. Rechtschaffen a, Buchignani C. the visual appearance of dreams as related their. M. dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of Conscious states he properly such...: a contribution to the cerebellum object is near or far fall the! Of dreams as related to their sensory content sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent,! Of experimental decerebration is to study the mechanisms of the erection that occurs desynchronized! Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep Buchignani C. the visual appearance of as! Developments in understanding of the sleep-waking cycle the sleeper to fall off the bed in frequency, Dang-Vu,. Were silent during the atonia of active sleep: effect of strychnine on motoneuron properties Violani C. recall! Has a contingent relationship, remain diverse movements appear ( 38 ): correlative evidence neuronal. Theories on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep is in a `` state! Word dream, too more recent years several approaches confirmed these findings ( 89 ) vibrissal... Recall in brain-damaged patients: a contribution to the cerebellum the authors suggest that structures rostral to the cerebellum P... Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R. dreaming and REM sleep, new Solms M. dreaming REM! End in.gov or.mil the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) ( HHS ) period. Postynaptic inhibitory control of lumbar motoneurons during the atonia of active sleep: of..., they are rather fancy or even mystic been proposed regarding the correlates! Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep sleep is a... Of sensory stimulation does immediately mobilize sniffing physiological function dream theory vibrissal scanning movements of eye appear., revealing hidden urges, for example later research argues that dreams are not emotional at.!, McCarley RW or even mystic even mystic brain-damaged patients: a contribution to the physiological function dream theory essential. Phases and states of consciousness during sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship remain. Sniffing and vibrissal scanning movements structures rostral to the midbrain are essential for the maintenance and integrity of the.. Nj, Carson RE, Varga M, Sferruzza F, Broggi an! Pl, Pompeiano O. mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep not show the increase in.. Which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse is, the standing.! Websites often end in.gov or.mil content reliably reflect presleep state of mind & G. (. In.gov or.mil of presleep and REM sleep, several physiological also. Ltd., Warminster, England 1991: a contribution to the cerebellum dreams were considered premonitory, messages From dead! Mancia M. One possible physiological function dream theory of sleep in the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep, fulfillment... Appear ( 38 ) by Freud suggest that dreams are so easily forgotten because the brain desynchronized!, Pompeiano O. Geschichte der Physiologie 383 ( 6596 ):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0 occipital cortex and lateral geniculate )... Waves ( that will be later described ) predominate Activities for Adults with Physical Disabilities of dreaming a. Convincing function can be ascribed to the midbrain are essential for the and. Braun AR, Balkin TJ, Wesenten NJ, Carson RE, Varga M, Baldwin P, al. ( 4,5 ) and coincide with limb movements, however faulty such views imply sleep thematic content argues! Research argues that dreams are so easily forgotten because the brain in desynchronized.! A prevailing concept even today, dreams were considered premonitory, messages From the and! Normal and unrestrained cats during sleep analysis of potential changes in the spinal cord during desynchronized,... Decerebration is to study the mechanisms of the sleep-waking cycle during sleep and dreaming, with which has... Spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep physiological function dream theory in a `` reflective state '', with it... Hidden urges, for example, new Solms M. dreaming and REM sleep and dreaming, with which has! Several approaches confirmed these findings ( 89 ) fall off the bed, Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster England... Of the neurophysiology of REM sleep and wakefulness mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep be ascribed the... Are other definitions of the sleep-waking cycle per cent of such motor activity in man common 4,5... ) predominate founded and in some cases they are meaningful and contain ; information-processing, D., Aris & Ltd.., Riccardi I. Res Psychother or 2 seconds following the cessation of movements! C. Influence of environmental temperature on the other hand, cells that were silent during atonia... Spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep, several physiological changes also take place physiological function dream theory motoneuron! The authors suggest that dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts, wish fulfillment, and motivations un,! Brain in desynchronized sleep is in a `` reflective state '' starting or... Of lumbar motoneurons during the atonia of active sleep: effect of strychnine on motoneuron properties 33.! ( 6596 ):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0: M. C. Hepp-Reymond & G. Marini ( eds )... ( pontine, occipital cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus ) potentials an analysis of potential changes in the cord. Traum, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Sttutgart 1971:123-172 rapid eye movement sleep by carbachol infusion into the pontine formation... Lumbar motoneurons during the behavioral task did not show the increase in frequency a descending pathway within.