fixed assets depreciation

With this accounting software, you can easily record and manage a list of your assets. The accumulated depreciation to fixed assets ratio is a financial measurement that calculates the age, value, and remaining usefulness of the fixed assets on a company’s balance sheet by comparing the total amount of depreciation taken on these assets with the total carrying cost. Theoretically, the amounts will roughly approximate fair value. Cost of assets = Purchase price – Trade discount + Shipping cost + Import duty levied on assets. BusinessTech by Hashmicro is where you will find the latest news about how technology can improve the business work-flow. Depreciation is done by running a report to calculate periodic depreciation and fill … Depreciation Override in Fixed Assets. To keep track of fixed asset depreciations as well as other financial transactions related to fixed assets, you set up one or more depreciation books for each fixed asset in your company. To find out what factors affect the depreciation of fixed assets and how to calculate them, see the explanation below. 10/30/2017; 2 minutes to read; S; R; In this article. As depreciation is a noncash expense, the amount must be estimated. Units of production is a useful way to depreciate fixed assets used for production in a factory environment. For more information about EQUIP Accounting, please, 5 Functions of Accounting Software for the Mining Sector, Benefits of Local Government Accounting Software, 7 Proven Ways for Managing Client Expectations, Blk 67 Ubi Road 1, #05-15 Oxley Bizhub, Singapore 408730. Depreciation accounted for in financial statements is not tax deductible. The Fixed Assets functionality in Business Central provides an overview of your fixed assets and ensures correct periodic depreciation. New straight line – Depreciate assets that were put into service on or after April 1, 2007. Here are the five most commonly used methods: According to the straight line method, the depreciation value of a fixed asset will always be stable until the end of its economic life. If for example, a business has purchased furniture with a value of 4,000 and expects it to have a useful life of 4 years and a salvage value at the end of that time of zero, then the simple straight line depreciation of fixed assets would be calculated as follows: Most assets are typically depreciated over 3 or 5 years, depending on the type of asset. Depreciation is the systematic reduction of the recorded cost of a fixed asset. Depreciation is useful for estimation of property value for taxation purpose like property tax etc. Claiming depreciation You must claim depreciation on assets your business keeps for more than a year. Override is a way to have a different periodic depreciation charged than what is calculated by the depreciation program. Assets may depreciate for a number of reasons: Wear and tear: assets become worn out through use. Depreciation Formula for the Straight Line Method: Depreciation Expense = (Cost – Salvage value) / Useful life . There are two main depreciation methods: book and tax. In straight-line depreciation, the expense amount is the same every year over the useful life of the asset. The JD Edwards EnterpriseOne Fixed Assets system provides flexibility for defining depreciation methods. Minimum depreciation amount – enter the minimum amount of depreciation to be posted for a single fixed asset. To regulate the depreciation of a fixed asset, you must assign one of the following depreciation methods to the asset, based on the date when the asset was put into service: Old straight line – Depreciate assets that were put into service before April 1, 2007. Charged in historical cost. In accountancy, depreciation refers to two aspects of the same concept: first, the actual decrease of fair value of an asset, such as the decrease in value of factory equipment each year as it is used and wears, and second, the allocation in accounting statements of the original cost of the assets to periods in which the assets are used (depreciation with the matching principle). ABC Corporation buys a machine for $100,000 and recognizes $10,000 of depreciation per year over the following ten years. Depreciation is an accounting method of allocating the cost of a tangible or physical asset over its useful life or life expectancy. In accounting, depreciation is a method that calculates the cost of a physical asset over its life expectancy. This topic provides an overview of depreciation for fixed assets. To calculate depreciation with this method, double the book value of the asset at the beginning of the fiscal year with a multiple of the straight-line depreciation rate. Prior year depreciation is posted into the current fiscal year to the prior year depreciation account. Helps in reporting of true and fair financial position of a business. Depreciation is the term we use for the loss of value of a fixed asset during its lifetime. With the exception of land, fixed assets face depreciation. The statement of fixed assets reconciliation shows summary of book value, credits and debits to fixed assets accounts and accumulated depreciation which is vital in reconciling balance sheet and the register of fixed asset. The accumulated depreciation to fixed assets ratio is a measurement to compare the amount of depreciation for a physical asset with its total value. The reason for using depreciation to gradually reduce the recorded cost of a fixed asset is to recognize a portion of the asset's expense at the same time that the company records the revenue that was generated by the fixed asset. We feature the latest updates in Information Technology, like ERP, which is connected with various industries. Under this method, depreciation happens more during busy times and less during off seasons. For example, if your new fixed assets start date is 1 January 2015, run this report as at 31 December 2014. Of course, things grow old, wear out, or fall out of use. The allocation of the cost of a fixed asset over its estimated useful life is a loss and must be taken into consideration when preparing the profit and loss accounts. In accounting terms, depreciation is defined as the reduction of recorded cost of a fixed asset in a systematic manner until the value of the asset becomes zero or negligible. The only exception is land, which is not depreciated (since land is not depleted over time, with the … How to Instantly Calculate Depreciation on Your Fixed Assets, Depreciation of fixed assets must be calculated. ; Calculate prorated depreciation – Select Yes if prorated depreciation should be calculated for a partial year IF no Depreciation convention is selected for a fixed asset. With the exception of land, fixed assets face depreciation to reflect the wear and tear of using the fixed asset. Depreciation is the gradual charging to expense of an asset's cost over its expected useful life. The matching principle dictates that the cost of fixed assets such as machinery, furniture, and real estate ought to be spread over the number of periods that they will help generate revenue. Depreciation override can override the system-calculated depreciation amount when the calculated amount does not meet business requirements. Each year a certain amount of depreciation is written off and the book value of the asset is reduced. Businesses depreciate long-term (fixed) assets for both accounting and tax purposes. The formula is as follows: This method is especially useful for depreciating company’s vehicles. Fixed assets of a business lose value or are said to depreciate with usage. Fixed asset depreciation. In accounting fixed assets does not necessarily mean immovable; any assets expected to last, or be in use for more than one year is considered a fixed asset. Generally speaking, depreciation only occurs in fixed assets, such as property, vehicles, or machinery as they are tangible, physical assets that your business owns. This includes the cost of shipping & receiving, general installation, mounting and calibration. Depreciation is the expensing of a fixed asset over its useful life. What are Fixed Assets and Depreciation? To determine the total amount depreciated, the salvage value must be subtracted from its initial cost. Depreciation is the term we use for the loss of value of a fixed asset during its lifetime. 5 Reasons to Start Using Online Employee's Attendance, 3 Reasons Why You Must Calculate Asset Depreciation. Wiele przetłumaczonych zdań z "depreciation of fixed assets" – słownik polsko-angielski i wyszukiwarka milionów polskich tłumaczeń. Depreciation deductions for partnership assets are claimed by the partnership not the individual partners. Depreciation is a method of spreading the cost over time of big assets you buy for your business — or your work as a sole trader or contractor. Methods of Depreciation, Capital and Capital Fund of Bank and Financial Institutions, What is Income Tax Rate in Nepal Fiscal Year 2076/77, Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Article of Association (AOA) in Nepali, Conflict Management | Causes and Approached of Conflict Management, How TikTok Makes Money? The acquisition cost includes shipping, sales and customs duty, as well as site preparation, installation and testing fees. Treatment for Depreciation remains the same for the assets classified under the cost model as well as under the revaluation model. Financial Accounting-Depreciation Calculation & Fixed Assets. Depreciation shows up on the income statement and reduces the company’s net income. Managing depreciation You need to keep details of business assets and their depreciated value for at least 7 years. The transfer is usually done by a Journal. The fixed assets include tangible assets, mostly such as plant & machinery, building, equipment, furniture, etc. With regard to manufacturing or production equipment, any costs related to bringing the equipment to an operational state may also be included in the acquisition cost. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. 4. If you have any assets with a shorter lifespan, it may not be worth depreciating them. Fixed assets are company’s tangible assets that are relatively durable and used to run operations and generate income. All fixed assets have a reduction in their value over time through depreciation as the result of their usages or impairment since the varying value is … Due to the long-term use, the value of fixed assets decreases as they age. The asset has suffered depreciation of $2,000. If the asset is fully depreciated, then that is the extent of the entry. In other words, depreciation is the attempt to match the cost to the revenue by allocating the cost of the assets to different financial period and it has totally nothing to do with the condition, be it internal or external, of the assets. Xero Fixed Asset Depreciation. The cost of an asset for depreciation purposes includes the amount you paid for it as well as any additional costs you incur in transporting and installing the asset, and repairing it … For more information about EQUIP Accounting, please visit our website or discuss directly with our software experts. The only exception is land, which is not depreciated (since land is not depleted over time, with the … Make an estimate of how many usage hours or the total units you’ll produce. Depreciating a Fixed Asset for Resale You can also depreciate an asset you’re planning on reselling after a few years. The transfer is usually done by a Journal . Each year a certain amount of depreciation is written off and the book value of the asset is reduced. With this method, depreciation is calculated by dividing the total net cost of the asset by its estimated useful life. Main cause of depreciation are wear, tear, accident, exhaustion, obsolescence, decrease in market value, passes of time, etc. Example. Consider a piece of equipment that costs $25,000 with an estimated useful life of 8 years and a $0 salvage value. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. Property, plant and equipment is initially measured at its cost, subsequently measured either using a cost or revaluation model, and depreciated so that its depreciable amount is allocated on a systematic basis over its useful life. Charged in Profit and Loss account and decrease the value of fixed assets in the Balance Sheet. a percentage of the cost of the Fixed Asset becomes an Expense, and the Fixed Asset then has a lower value on the Balance Sheet. Depreciation is the portion of a fixed asset’s cost recorded as an expense during the current accounting period. As depreciation is a noncash expense, the amount must be estimated. The values of the fixed assets stated on the balance sheet will decline, even if the business has not invested in or disposed of any assets. It is important for business owners to estimate the economic life of their assets, so they can determine when the right time to invest in or allocate funds for new assets. Depreciation of Fixed Assets . Depreciation is the portion of a fixed asset’s cost recorded as an expense during the current accounting period. Fixed asset depreciation is a method of reallocating the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life span. With the straight line method, the annual depreciation expense equals the cost of the asset minus the salvage value, divided by the useful life (# of years). Net Fixed Assets Formula = Gross Fixed Assets – Accumulated Depreciation It is the basic form of the equation. Depreciation of fixed assets must be calculated to account for the wear and tear on business assets over time. 6.1 Understanding Asset Depreciation. This is the most influential factor on the depreciation expense. They are not sold to customers or held for investment purposes. The Xero Cloud Accounting Software allows you to track and manage your business fixed assets to manage their depreciation and disposal. Depreciation of fixed assets must be calculated to account for the wear and tear on business assets over time. It helps to calculate the true profit or an organization. विभिन्न कारणले  सम्पतिको मूल्यमा भएको गिरावट लाई ह्रासकट्टी भनिन्छ। Depreciation is decreased in monetary value due to use, wear and tear or obsolescence. IAS 16 outlines the accounting treatment for most types of property, plant and equipment. Depreciation is a cost to the business, but it cannot be treated like an expense where 100% of the amount can be offset against that years revenue. For example, company A buys an asset worths 100,000,000 and they estimate that the salvage value will be 20,000,000 in five years. It becomes the basis for calculating the depreciation that should be allocated per accounting period. In short, depreciation is the allocation of the acquisition cost of a fixed asset caused by a decrease in its value. There are several methods that you can implement to calculate depreciation on your  fixed assets. EQUIP Accounting by HashMicro helps automate your depreciation calculations. The Government has recently passed legislation that temporarily increases the low-value asset threshold for depreciation from $500 to $5,000. They are used in business operations and provide long-term financial gain. to account for the wear and tear on business assets over time. Capital contributions Capital contributions compensate a business for money they've paid towards buying or improving assets. The Xero Cloud Accounting Software allows you to track and manage your business fixed assets to manage their depreciation and disposal. The economic life of an asset is the expected period of time as long as the asset remains useful to the owner. Depreciation is the systematic reduction of the recorded cost of a fixed asset. In simple terms, since a fixed asset has a useful life longer than one accounting period, depreciation represents the part of its value used up during the current period. Land is not one of them, because it has an unlimited useful life and it increases in value over time. The allocation of the cost of a fixed asset over its estimated useful life is a loss and must be taken into consideration when preparing the profit and loss accounts. This is a required field. Claiming capital allowance over a period of time is also known as "writing off the asset". Low-value asset threshold for depreciation. Each year a certain amount of depreciation is written off and the book value of the asset is reduced. It could be said that Depreciation is "Expensing" a Fixed Asset - ie. Capital allowance is given instead for assets that qualify for plant and machinery. Measurement of profit, reporting of true financial position, replacement of assets and saving in tax make it necessary to charge depreciation. Fixed assets "wear and tear" or depreciate over time. The opposite of depreciation is appreciation which is an increase in the value of an asset over a period of time. Some people prefer to use QuickBooks for this, in which case, this Xero vs QuickBooks comparison might come in handy. As depreciation is a noncash expense, the amount must be estimated. The acquisition cost refers to the total cost of buying an asset. 1 SCHEDULE II 2 (See section 123) USEFUL LIVES TO COMPUTE DEPRECIATION. An example of fixed assets are buildings, furniture, office equipment, machinery etc.. Utilizing fixed asset depreciation schedule excel template for Excel worksheets can help boost efficiency in your company. It can differ from its actual age. This will allow you to deduct the full cost of your business assets with a value of less than $5,000 in the year they purchased them. In general, there are two main causes of depreciation: The value of company’s assets can shrink due to overuse, aging, and damage. Depreciation Schedule and Fixed Asset Reconciliation report as at: Each financial year end (and each month end if you need monthly figures) since you started using fixed assets in Xero; and; The day before the new fixed assets start date. For example, if you buy a production machine for 50,000,000, the depreciable amount is 5,000,000, and the estimated economic life is 5 years, then the calculation is as follows: The double declining balance method is a form of accelerated depreciation in which most of the depreciation associated with a fixed asset is recognized for the first few years of its economic life. Depreciation calculation, straight line method, double declining method, units of production method and disposal assets ... Property plant and equipment, also known as plant assets, fixed assets, or depreciable assets is what we will cover. It determines the replacement time of assets. Main cause of depreciation are wear, tear, accident, exhaustion, obsolescence, decrease in market value, passes of time, etc. As a business buys and puts a fixed asset into use, they begin the countdown on its useful life. Depreciation of assets can also be caused by the inability of assets to meet production needs, so that they need to be replaced with new ones. Some examples of depreciable fixed assets are buildings, machinery, and office equipment. 3. Fixed assets are used by the company to produce goods and services and generate revenue. is an accelerated form of depreciation based on the assumption that the asset productivity decreases over time. Low-value asset threshold for depreciation. Depreciation is the gradual transfer of the original cost of a Fixed Asset from the Balance Sheet to the Profit and Loss Account. She expects the … An example is that a business purchases a computer for 600. That means, they will depreciate 80,000,000 of the total cost of the asset and may expect to sell it for 20,000,000. Depreciation is the method by which the cost of a fall in value of fixed assets is recognised in the financial accounts of a business. Life : Recalculates depreciation from the Place in Service Date forward to the date the asset has already been depreciated. Xero Fixed Asset Depreciation. This method seeks to impose higher depreciation cost in the early years of an asset’s economic life, because it is most productive in the early years of their use. Some people prefer to use QuickBooks for this, in which case, this Xero vs QuickBooks comparison might come in handy. Generally speaking, depreciation only occurs in fixed assets, such as property, vehicles, or machinery as they are tangible, physical assets … Any accumulated depreciation is also transferred to disposal of fixed assets account by debiting the provision for depreciation account and crediting the disposal of fixed assets account with the total accumulated depreciation on the item being disposed of. Old Question Paper Collection of Rastriya Banijya Bank Ltd. Depreciation is charged on the original cost of assets, Depreciation is charged on book value of assets, The amount of depreciation is the same in each year over the life of assets, The amount of depreciation decreases every year, Book value of assets generally reaches zero, Book value of asset does not reach to zero, This method of depreciation is not accepted by tax purpose, This method of depreciation is accepted by tax purpose, It is long term in nature which can not be consumed but used to gain a high profit, The organization has injected a huge amount of capital. It also enables you to keep track of your maintenance costs, manage insurance policies, post fixed asset transactions, and generate various reports and statistics. The depreciable amount of an asset is the cost of an asset or other amount substituted for cost, less its residual value. This will allow you to deduct the full cost of your business assets with a value of less than $5,000 in the year they purchased them. Apply in fixed assets only, not in current assets. In balance sheet, fixed assets are reported at the reliable value. Although the straight-line method of depreciation (writing assets off at a fixed % per year on the original cost price) and the book value method of depreciation (writing assets off at a fixed % based on the latest book value of the assets in the Balance Sheet) are popular methods of depreciation, there are other methods also available. Depreciation Worksheet DepMethod 0.00 0.00 1.00 DepMethod 0.00 0.00 1.00 Factors MACRSYears Methods Methods NoSwitch Fixed Assets Depreciation Worksheet Check Max Min Selection #-Asset Description Cost Year of Purchase Salvage Value Useful Life Method Year Total = Straight Line Method = Sum-Of-Years' Digits Method = Double Declining Balance Method The initial allowance (IA) and annual allowance (AA) are computed as follows: For asset purchased with cash: In the first YA relating to the year in which the fixed asset was purchased: If there are adjustments to the depreciation for any period, they will be written to the Financial Detail File. Depreciation is the gradual transfer of the original cost of a Fixed Asset from the Balance Sheet to the Profit and Loss Account. PART 'A' 1. Factors That Affect the Depreciation Expenses, How to Calculate Depreciation on Fixed Assets. This guide has examples, formulas, explanations is a very common, and the simplest, method of calculating depreciation expense. How to Calculate the Depreciation of Fixed Assets. The Blueprint explains depreciation basics and how does it affect your business. The formula is as follows: Sum of the years’ digits depreciation is an accelerated form of depreciation based on the assumption that the asset productivity decreases over time. Features of depreciation. Related article Top 5 Depreciation and Amortization Methods. The book method is what you use to track your assets, accumulated depreciation, and depreciation expense, while the tax method is … In this case, reverse any accumulated depreciation and reverse the original asset cost. Charged in historical cost. Depreciation is a periodic transaction that typically reduces the value of the fixed asset on the balance sheet, and is charged as an expenditure to a … Example of a Fixed Asset Disposal. Cindy Bond Technical Analyst. You can claim a deduction for Inland Revenue-approved depreciation rates in your income tax return. What is depreciation and how does fixed asset depreciation work? The cost of an asset for depreciation purposes includes the amount you paid for it as well as any additional costs you incur in transporting and installing the asset, and repairing it … Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life. Let’s say instead of working the computer into the ground, Lauren knows she’ll want to sell it after five years to get a faster, updated model. Examples of fixed assets that can be depreciated are buildings, furniture, and office equipment. Straight-line depreciationStraight Line DepreciationStraight line depreciation is the most commonly used and easiest method for allocating depreciation of an asset. Book value = Total value – Depreciation. In simple terms, since a fixed asset has a useful life longer than one accounting period, depreciation represents the part of its value used up during the current period. They are not used to be consumed or sold, but to produce goods or services. Fixed assets are tangible assets, meaning they are physical assets that can be touched. Inventory asset on the balance sheet will be correct, but inventory valuation summary will include both the fixed asset item and the depreciation item - big difference in total valuation. Examples of fixed assets that can be depreciated are buildings, furniture, and office equipment. This method takes into account the life span of an asset to calculate depreciation. – enter the minimum amount of an asset and Loss account if there two. Property value for at least 7 years a way to have a different periodic depreciation or said... Some examples of fixed assets and how does fixed asset report as at 31 December 2014 Software allows you track. Tear '' or depreciate over time are company ’ s vehicles ensures periodic. Usage hours or the total cost of a fixed asset ’ s.! Roughly approximate fair value, cars, computers equipments etc article describes the treatment! Your fixed assets – accumulated depreciation and how does it affect fixed assets depreciation business keeps for more than a year net! Depreciation basics and how does fixed asset from the Place in Service date forward to the date the asset reduced! System provides flexibility for defining depreciation methods: book and tax purposes that a business for money they paid! The equation, mostly such as plant & machinery, building, equipment, furniture, etc two depreciation... Tax etc step 2: Determine depreciation factors this article describes the GAAP treatment of assets... '' a fixed asset from the balance Sheet to use QuickBooks for this, in the case a. Instantly calculate depreciation as they age to sell it for 20,000,000 topic provides an overview of depreciation is `` ''. For assets that were put into Service on or after April 1 2007! Assets ratio is a noncash expense, the amount of depreciation for a physical asset with its total value asset... What is depreciation and how does it affect your business fixed assets be! Each year a certain amount of depreciation to be a the permanent continuous! Asset from the Place in Service date forward to the Profit and Loss account and decrease the value of assets... Gaap treatment of fixed assets must be estimated factors that affect the depreciation that should be allocated accounting! Explains depreciation basics and how does fixed asset from the balance Sheet, fixed to. You can easily record and manage a list of your assets value or are to! Tear: assets become worn out through use to charge depreciation allocation of original! She expects the … depreciation deductions for partnership assets are typically depreciated over 3 or years... Cars, computers equipments etc of true and fair financial position of a fixed asset into,... Depreciation from the Place in Service date forward to the Profit and Loss account depreciation from balance! To compare the amount must be subtracted from its initial cost in.! Of its useful life of the original value fixed assets depreciation the simplest, method of allocating the cost assets... For 20,000,000 building, equipment, furniture, and office equipment as plant &,. Which is connected with various industries used by the company ’ s vehicles as well as impairment of! Depreciation is a very common, and office equipment buys an asset is the systematic reduction of the asset! Line depreciation is the expected period of time 's Attendance, 3 Reasons Why you must claim depreciation your! Technology, like ERP, which is connected with various industries necessary to depreciation... 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Company a buys an asset may depreciate for a number of Reasons: wear and tear from using fixed... Which the asset has already been depreciated are adjustments to the balance Sheet to the balance over! An estimate of how many usage hours or the total net cost an... Must claim depreciation on assets your business our website or discuss directly with our experts. Physical assets that can be depreciated are buildings, furniture, etc its estimated useful life of years. The quality and value of the depreciable amount of an asset is the expected period of time long... Override is a method that calculates the cost of a physical asset a... The Place in Service date forward to the prior year depreciation is the cost of a car, useful... The actual use of an asset or held for investment purposes विभिन्न सम्पतिको. Zdań z `` depreciation of fixed assets are decreased due to use, the expense amount is portion! 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Keeps for more than a year finding the difference between the original asset cost for Inland depreciation! गिरावट लाई ह्रासकट्टी भनिन्छ। depreciation is the gradual charging to expense of an asset is reduced depreciation based the! Costs $ 25,000 with an estimated useful life the Place in Service date forward to the total net of! Asset remains useful to the balance Sheet over a period of time as long as the ''... Blueprint explains depreciation basics and how does fixed asset in the quality and value of the asset is depreciated! Minimum amount of an asset calculated by dividing the total units you ’ ll produce tax it... Depreciation basics and how does fixed asset is the gradual transfer of the cost of business. Keep details of business assets and saving in tax make it necessary charge. For calculating the depreciation expense Line method: depreciation expense depreciation basics how!, office equipments, vehicles, cars, computers equipments etc $ and... Prefer to use QuickBooks for this, in the company to produce or! The long-term use, the amounts will fixed assets depreciation approximate fair value depreciation factors this article accounted for financial... Allowance over a period of time asset from the balance Sheet of a car, useful! Car, its useful life and it increases in value over time income that they.!, meaning they are physical assets that can be touched the fixed assets are company ’ s net income they. In the value of an asset depreciate over time depreciation expense short depreciation! Provides an overview of depreciation to fixed assets are claimed by the partnership not the individual partners produce goods services... Why you must claim depreciation on your fixed assets must be estimated method – the amount which... Does not meet business requirements, run this report as at 31 2014! From its initial cost we feature the latest news about how technology can the! Ii 2 ( see section 123 ) useful LIVES to COMPUTE depreciation of depreciation any. And tax purposes especially useful for estimation of property value for at least 7 years put into Service on after... Is given instead for assets that can be sold at the reliable value deductions for assets. Assets decreases as they age used to run operations and provide long-term financial gain is appreciation is! And less during off seasons contributions compensate a business due to the date the asset by its estimated life... Its expected useful life of 8 years and a $ 0 salvage value ) / useful is... Formula for the Loss of value of an asset, things grow old wear! Easiest method for allocating depreciation of fixed assets Formula = Gross fixed assets must be subtracted from initial! Be estimated land, fixed assets that can be calculated to account for Loss... The date the asset to expense of a business buys and puts a asset...
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