[117][118] In Jacksonville, the stadium was padlocked shut without warning on game day, by order of the city's Parks and Public Property director. [152] Dodgers teammate Pee Wee Reese once came to Robinson's defense with the famous line, "You can hate a man for many reasons. He came from a family of sharecroppers who lived in Cairo, Georgia. ", "Document Deep Dive: The Heartfelt Friendship Between Jackie Robinson and Branch Rickey", "Jackie Robinson and baseball highlights, 1860s1960s", "It's Jackie Robinson Day on Wednesday. [171], In 1950, Robinson led the National League in double plays made by a second baseman with 133. retired number Baseball Hall of Fame (1962) Most Valuable Player (1949) six-time All-Star Baseball Hall of Fame (inducted in 1962) Rookie of the Year Award 1x . born in 1946 and died in a car accident in 1971, Sharon Robinson was born in 1950 and David Robinson was born in 1952. Jackie was the youngest of five children, four boys and a girl, born to impoverished sharecroppers Jerry and Mallie Robinson. [113][114][115] Since the Dodgers organization did not own a spring training facility,[116] scheduling was subject to the whim of area localities, several of which turned down any event involving Robinson or Johnny Wright, another black player whom Rickey had signed to the Dodgers' organization in January. [168][169], That year, a song about Robinson by Buddy Johnson, "Did You See Jackie Robinson Hit That Ball? [243] President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded Robinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom on March 26, 1984,[315] and on March 2, 2005, President George W. Bush gave Robinson's widow the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress; Robinson was only the second baseball player to receive the award, after Roberto Clemente. [52][97][101] On the same day, with representatives of the Royals and Dodgers present, Robinson formally signed his contract with the Royals. [250] Robinson was angered by the 1964 presidential election candidacy of conservative Republican Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona, who had opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Robinson attended John Muir High School . With the track and field squad, he won awards in the broad jump. "[180][181][182], Before the 1951 season, O'Malley reportedly offered Robinson the job of manager of the Montreal Royals, effective at the end of Robinson's playing career. 1950), and David Robinson (b. [243] In 1964, he helped found, with Harlem businessman Dunbar McLaurin, Freedom National Banka black-owned and operated commercial bank based in Harlem. Under the terms of the retirement, a grandfather clause allowed the handful of players who wore number 42 to continue doing so in tribute to Robinson, until such time as they subsequently changed teams or jersey numbers. [17] He played shortstop and catcher on the baseball team, quarterback on the football team, and guard on the basketball team. 42 as part of Jackie Robinson Day tribute", "MLB players to wear #42 Monday to honor Jackie Robinson Day", "Jackie Robinson Rotunda dedicated at Citi Field", "Jackie Robinson Museum opens in Manhattan", "Los Angeles Dodgers Foundation extends partnership with The Jackie Robinson Foundation through $800,000 grant for college scholarships", "Jackie Robinson statue unveiled at Dodger Stadium", "The 2010 Aflac National High School Player of The Year Nominees Announced", Baseball awards#U.S. [35][64], An event on July 6, 1944, derailed Robinson's military career. [327][328] Robinson also has an asteroid named after him, 4319 Jackierobinson. [79], In early 1945, while Robinson was at Sam Huston College, the Kansas City Monarchs sent him a written offer to play professional baseball in the Negro leagues. The Yankees' Mariano Rivera, who retired at the end of the 2013 season,[294][295] was the last player in Major League Baseball to wear jersey number 42 on a regular basis. [132][133], In 1947, the Dodgers called Robinson up to the major leagues six days before the start of the season. 1 Most Significant Development in the 20th Century", "By The Numbers Robinson Was All-Around Player", "Jackie Robinson and the Great American Pastime", "Review/Theater; 'Play to Win,' a Musical About the Integration of Baseball", "The Court Martial of Jackie Robinson: Overview", "The Court Martial of Jackie Robinson (1990)", "TELEVISION REVIEW: Across the Color Line With Satchel Paige", "Review: Ken Burns' 'Jackie Robinson' documentary is a lump-in-the-throat trip that goes beyond baseball", "Jan. 1, 1960: Greenville Airport Protest", "Jackie Robinson urged blacks to work toward 'complete freedom' during 1959 Greenville visit", "History museum exhibit explores Greenville's civil rights struggles, successes", "Robinson honored with new Hall of Fame plaque", "A Roundup of the Sports Information of the Week", "Seeking a More Authentic Jackie Robinson", "Baseball's Praised Diversity Is Stranded at First Base", "Robinson would have mixed view of today's game", "The changing face of baseball: African-American players on the decline", "Rachel Robinson to receive UCLA's highest honor", "Jackie Robinson, First Black in Major Leagues, Dies", "Baseball legend's daughter pitches father's fundamental ideals to kids", "Mr. Coffee: How a Baseball Scion Put Down Roots in Africa, and Grew a Very Rich Blend", "David Robinson Jackie Robinson Foundation", "African-American Subjects on United States Postage Stamps", "Bronze Busts Unveiled in Tribute to Robinson Brothers", "A Grand Tribute to Robinson and His Moment", "MLB ready to celebrate Jackie Robinson Day", "The final '42': Rivera pays tribute to Jackie Robinson", "Bill Russell's No. After Jack's philandering father abandoned the family, his mother. In high. [154][155] A statue by sculptor William Behrends, unveiled at KeySpan Park on November 1, 2005, depicts Reese with his arm around Robinson. [136] After World War II, several other forces were also leading the country toward increased equality for blacks, including their accelerated migration to the North, where their political clout grew, and President Harry Truman's desegregation of the military in 1948. [280] In 1999, he was named by Time on its list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. [93] For the performance Robinson earned the Most Valuable Player Award for the National League. No black man had played in the major leagues since Moses Fleetwood Walker in 1884, but the Boston Red Sox nevertheless held a tryout at Fenway Park for Robinson and other black players on April 16. [162] He did, however, record a career-high on-base percentage of .436. Historical statistical analysis indicates Robinson was an outstanding fielder throughout his ten years in the major leagues and at virtually every position he played. I'm the manager of this team, and I say he plays. "[157] Greenberg had advised him to overcome his critics by defeating them in games. Rickey selected Robinson from a list of promising black players and interviewed him for possible assignment to Brooklyn's International League farm club, the Montreal Royals. [93] Baseball fans also voted Robinson as the starting second baseman for the 1949 All-Star Gamethe first All-Star Game to include black players. [142][143][144] The Woodward article made national headlines. He lost the weight during training camp, but dieting left him weak at the plate. At a National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) speech in Greenville, South Carolina, Robinson urged "complete freedom" and encouraged black citizens to vote and to protest their second-class citizenship. [165] In 1948, Wendell Smith's book, Jackie Robinson: My Own Story, was released. [144] The Cardinals players denied that they were planning to strike, and Woodward later told author Roger Kahn that Frick was his true source; writer Warren Corbett said that Frick's speech "never happened". [261] She also served on the board of the Freedom National Bank until it closed in 1990. [77][78] Although his teams were outmatched by opponents, Robinson was respected as a disciplinarian coach,[64] and drew the admiration of, among others, Langston University basketball player Marques Haynes, a future member of the Harlem Globetrotters. [162], Robinson had what was an average year for him in 1952. City, family reach $2 million settlement in Florida fatal police shooting. [314], Robinson has also been recognized outside of baseball. Robinson died at age 85 at a hospital in Pasadena on March 12, 2000. Jackie Robinson was inducted into baseball's Hall of Fame in 1962. [19] As a result, Robinson joined a neighborhood gang, but his friend Carl Anderson persuaded him to abandon it. [187] He finished the year with 104 runs, a .308 batting average, and 24 stolen bases. [74] While there, Robinson met a former player for the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American League, who encouraged Robinson to write the Monarchs and ask for a tryout. Jack had three children with his wife, Rachel Robinson; Jackie Robinson Jnr. [263], Robinson's eldest son, Jackie Robinson Jr., had emotional trouble during his childhood and entered special education at an early age. [15][16][17], The extended Robinson family established itself on a residential plot containing two small houses at 121 Pepper Street in Pasadena. [158], Robinson finished the season having played in 151 games for the Dodgers, with a batting average of .297, an on-base percentage of .383, and a .427 slugging percentage. Between the tours, he underwent surgery on his right ankle. He was the youngest of five children born to Mallie (McGriff) and Jerry Robinson, after siblings Edgar, Frank, Matthew (nicknamed "Mack"), and Willa Mae. Robinson's mother worked various odd jobs to support the family. Born. [236], In his first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962,[73] Robinson encouraged voters to consider only his on-field qualifications, rather than his cultural impact on the game. Robinson was disappointed at the turn of events and wrote a sympathetic letter to Rickey, whom he considered a father figure, stating, "Regardless of what happens to me in the future, it all can be placed on what you have done and, believe me, I appreciate it. [135] Although he failed to get a base hit, he walked and scored a run in the Dodgers' 53 victory. 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